Density modification: successes and limitations
نویسندگان
چکیده
منابع مشابه
Successes and limitations of targeted therapies in renal cell carcinoma.
Until recently, the standard treatment for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) was nonspecific immunotherapy based on interleukin-2 or interferon-α. This was associated with a modest survival benefit and with significant clinical toxicities. The understanding of numerous molecular pathways in RCC, including HIF, VEGF, mTOR, and the consecutive use of targeted therapies since the beginning of ...
متن کاملSuccesses and limitations of targeted cancer therapy in lung cancer.
Human cancers usually evolve through multistep processes. These processes are driven by the accumulation of abundant genetic and epigenetic abnormalities. However, some lung cancers depend on a single activated oncogene by somatic mutation, termed 'driver oncogenic mutations', for their proliferation and survival. EGFR(epidermal growth factor receptor) mutations and ALK(anaplastic lymphoma kina...
متن کاملSuccesses and limitations of targeted cancer therapy in breast cancer.
Breast cancer is not a single disease. Specific biological processes and distinct genetic pathways are associated with prognosis and sensitivity to chemotherapy and targeted agents in different subtypes of breast cancers. As a consequence, breast cancer can be classified by molecular events. A primary challenge for future drug development in breast cancer will be to distinguish genes and pathwa...
متن کاملMaximum-likelihood density modification
A likelihood-based approach to density modification is developed that can be applied to a wide variety of cases where some information about the electron density at various points in the unit cell is available. The key to the approach consists of developing likelihood functions that represent the probability that a particular value of electron density is consistent with prior expectations for t...
متن کاملMinimization of Average Sensitivity as a Method of Selecting Fuzzy Functions and Operations: Successes and Limitations
Fuzzy logic is an extension of the standard 2-valued logic – with two possible truth values 0 (“false”) and (“true”) – to values (degrees of certainty) represented by arbitrary numbers from the interval [0, 1]. One of the main challenges in fuzzy logic is that we need to extend the usual logical operations from the set {0, 1} to the entire interval, and there are many possible extensions. One p...
متن کاملذخیره در منابع من
با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید
ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography
سال: 1996
ISSN: 0108-7673
DOI: 10.1107/s0108767396095864